ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SELECTED ARTICLES ON
ETHNIC MINORITIES, CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES, AND
TRANSPERSONAL PSYCHOLOGY
Arthur Hastings
Premalatha Balasubrahmanyam
Gloria Beaird
Elizabeth Ferguson
Khursheed Kanga
Sherry Raley
Palo Alto, Calfornia
This bibliography is intended to be a resource for course readings in general psy-
chology and transpersonal psychology. It provides annotated references for articles
with ethnic and multicultural relevance that also intersect with themes in transper-
sonal psychology and general psychology. These articles can be used in course
assignments and research readings to provide diverse points of view on topics such
as personal identity, motivation, human development, consciousness, counseling,
language and culture, cultural paradigms, spirituality, and transcendence. They also
demonstrate the many contributions of ethnic minority authors and ethnic minority
perspectives to psychology.
There are, of course, books and book chapters on these topics, including many by
authors listed herein, but this bibliography has focused on short articles which can
be used in courses, readers, and assignments.
The articles all have relevance to
• ethnic minorities and multicultural perspectives in the United States and in psychology,
• topics and themes in transpersonal psychology, and
• methods, topics, and theories in general psychology.
The articles present topics, authors, and worldviews that bring an ethnic or cultural
perspective to the field. Paradigms of mind-body integration, spiritual worldviews,
and extended identity provide alternatives to cultural assumptions often found in
psychology and other fields that are dominated by classical Euro-American psy-
chology, emerging as it has from the Western natural philosophy and science of the
past 200 years. Now different perspectives are emerging from the heritages of many
peoples and are offering alternative concepts and data in psychology, the social sci-
ences, health, and science itself.
Another theme is that of the approach of ethnic cultures to health and healing. For
This annotated bibliography of selected articles on ethnic minorities, cultural perspectives, and transpersonal psychol-
ogy was funded by a grant from the Office of Ethnic Minority Affairs of the American Psychological Association. We
appreciate the support of the Institute of Transpersonal Psychology, the ITP library and staff, and others who contributed
to the project, including William Braud, Terri Grant, Arlene Mazak, Ritu Osborne, Ryan Rominger, and Boris Sanchez.
Copyright © 2002 Transpersonal Institute
The Journal 0fTmnspers0m1l Psychology, 200], Vol. 33, N0. 2 151

example, the theory and practice of psychotherapy and counseling are predomi-
nantly Western oriented, and several of our articles present healing approaches
based on ethnic cultural patterns, including elements such as dreams, meditation,
holistic treatment, and spiritual beliefs.
All contributions reflect some dimension of transpersonal psychology, in such areas
as religious and spiritual perspectives, consciousness, meditation, expanded notions
of self, transcendence, altered and nonordinary states, and the effects of religious
motivation. The specialization of transpersonal psychology takes these topics as
worthy of systematic research and theory in the many ways they occur and in how
they are incorporated in global settings.
Some of the articles are recent; others are classics going back several decades (and
which can provide motivation for pursuing their particular theme in more recent
studies). The articles are drawn from the psychology literature and also from publi-
cations in communication, anthropology, cultural studies, and other areas. They
reflect conceptualization, paradigm building, quantitative studies, qualitative meth-
ods, experiential work, and other approaches to understanding.
We hope that students and faculty alike will find their ways of knowing expanded
by these points of view and that the "self-identity" of psychology will begin to
extend through ideas, research, and theories that respect these multiple ways of
knowing and being.
RE1¤12R12NcEs
1. Aboul-el-Azayem, G., & Hedayat-Diba, Z. (1994). The psychological aspects
of Islam: Basic principles of Islam and their psychological corollary.
International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 4(1), 41-50.
This article examines the religion of Islam, focusing on the psychological impact of
the religion on Muslim practitioners. Emphasis is given to the Five Pillars of the
Islamic faith: (a) the Shahada, or belief that there is one God; (b) prayer; (c) giving
alms to the needy; (d) fasting; and (e) pilgrimage to Mecca. It is stressed that these
spiritual practices give the devoted qualities such as compassion, discipline, matu-
rity, peace, and psychological support. Aspects of daily Islamic life noted in the arti-
cle result in strong, supportive communities. Through the practice of Islam, an indi-
vidual can achieve health in all areas of life: social, physical, mental, and spiritual.
Key words: Allah, alms, Arab American, charity, community, faith, fasting, Five Pillars,
Islam, Mecca, Muslim, prayer, religion, Shahada, spiritual practice
2. Alatreb, B. (1996). Islamic spirituality in America: A middle path to unity.
Counseling and Values, 41, 29-38.
This article briefly explains the religion of Islam in the United States, with empha-
sis on the Five Pillars of Islam: (a) the declaration of faith, (b) prayers, (c) charity,
(d) fasting, and (e) pilgrimage to Mecca. The article suggests that Islamic practice
152 The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 200], Vol. 33, N0. 2

leads to a balanced life that makes Islamic spirituality an effective means by which
to live in the modern world. For example, the ways in which Islamic beliefs help
Muslims navigate community, family, and sexual relationships are outlined.
Implications for counselors working with Islamic clients are discussed, such as
understanding how important the religion is to the individual and how he or she can
integrate Islamic practices into an American way of life.
Key words: Allah, alms, Arab American, charity, counseling, faith, fasting, Five Pillars,
Islam, Mecca, Muslim, prayer, religion, Shahada, spiritual practice
3. Alawneh, S. (1998). Human motivation: An Islamic perspective. American
Journal oflslamic Social Sciences, 15, 19-39.
An Islamic conceptualization of human motivation is compared with the theoretical
models of motivation from psychoanalytic, behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic
schools of psychology. Requisite to understanding motivation in the Islamic faith is
the knowledge of man’s genesis; his interrelatedness with others, nature, and God;
and the presupposition of free will. The basis and activating force of all motivation
from the Islamic perspective is [man (faith), a profound core belief in Allah. The
basic characteristics of Islamic motivation include
l. the hierarchical nature of motives,
2. clarity of aims and objectives,
3. goal orientation,
4. a realistic perspective of man, and
5. the comprehensibility of human behavior.
Key words: Allah, cross-cultural, faith, free will, [man, Islam, motivation, nature, theory.
4. Anand, B. K., Chhina, G. S., & Singh, B. (1961). Some aspects of electroen-
cephalographic studies in yogis. Electroencephalography and Clinical
Neuraphysiology, 13, 452-456.
The brain wave activity (EEG) of four Indian yogis in samadhi meditation was
measured. The meditation technique is from the Indian Raja yoga system and is pro-
duced by concentration of attention, for instance, on specific points of the vertex of
the head. The EEG showed prominent alpha waves (8-12 cycles per second) in the
resting state, with increased amplitude (strength) of alpha rhythms in the meditation
state. When the yogis were meditating, they were exposed to strong light, sound,
vibration, and touch, but none of these affected the alpha rhythm, consistent with
the claims for this method that it creates obliviousness to external and internal envi-
ronments. When the yogis were in a nonmeditative state, their alpha rhythms were
blocked by the stimuli. Two other yogis were studied who could keep their hands in
water at 4°C for 45 to 55 minutes without discomfort. During this time, they showed
alpha activity, suggesting that they were able to block the sensations at a neurolog-
ical level and remain in meditation. This classic study shows a method of correlat-
ing EEG brain activity with meditative states of consciousness. The nonawareness
of stimuli (nonblocking of the alpha rhythm) demonstrates physiologically that the
technique was achieving its goal of focused concentration. The authors speculate on
Annotated Bibliography of Selected Articles 153

the neurological mechanisms that might be involved.
Key words: Alpha blocking, altered states of consciousness, brain waves, electroencephalo-
graphic research, EEG, India, meditation, neurophysiology, research report, samadhi, spiri-
tual practices, states of consciousness, subjective states, yoga.
5. Asante, M. K. (1984). The African-American mode of transcendence.
Journal of T ranspersonal Psychology, 16(2), 167-177.
The author notes that while transcendent experience may be named differently and
take different forms, it occurs in all societies, and is not just a phenomenon of the
Western and Eastern cultures. The African Sudic ideal emphasizes harmony. The
healthy personality is harmonized internally as well as within the community. It
grows from encounters with others and finds life and energy in being in the midst
of persons. Encounters, music, and activities provide rhythms for the harmony of
the community. The self is seen as spiritual; there is no separate outside power.
Transcendence in this mode is through other persons rather than being a solitary
pursuit. The community is the source of an extended self and is the ground of tran-
scendence. Asante writes eloquently, often personally, and with concrete examples.
The methods of research involved in the article include field study and participant
observation.
Key words: African American, community, development, extended self, field study, first per-
son, harmony, health, identity, participant observation, personality, possession, psychology
of music, self-concept, socialization, spirituality, transcendence.
6. Bynum, E. B. (1992). A brief overview of transpersonal psychology. The
Humanistic Psychologist, 20(2-3), 301-306.
This article traces the history and transformation of the seminal ideas of transper-
sonal psychology from the earliest known civilizations (those of the Nile valley sys-
tems of Kemetic Egypt and Nubia) through their dispersion and development in
Europe, India, and West Africa, and finally to the Americas. Transpersonal psy-
chology is defined as a clinical and scientific tradition within psychology that stud-
ies nonordinary states of consciousness not traditionally covered by the discipline
of ego psychology, and its ancient psychospiritual lineage is examined.
Contemporary transpersonal theories of K. Wilber and M. Washburn are discussed.
Key words: Africa, African American, Americas, Christian, culture, Egypt, Europe, history
of psychology, India, theory, transpersonal psychology, Washburn (Michael), Wilber (Ken).
7. Bynum, E. B. (1996). Research methods in clinical spirituality. The
Humanistic Psychologist, 24(2), 257-261.
The author identifies three interconnecting spheres of human experience as the
physical, the mental (psychological), and the numinous, or spiritual. All three are
realms to be explored, but the disciplines and methodologies for verification, vali-
dation, and research must be appropriate and specific to the dictates of the each of
these realms. The sensory and symbolic realms have predominated in scientific
154 The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 200], Vol. 33, N0. 2

materialism. However, disciplines and theories for the spiritual realm have emerged
in world cultures such as the East, meaning primarily India, China, and Tibet, and
in Africa, especially from the Kemetic Egyptian sciences. Within these various tra-
ditions, there are paths of psychospiritual human development, with lineages, disci-
plines, and specific unfolding of experiences and states of awareness. Examples are
given of African personalism and tantric kundalini yoga. In addition to research,
these paths inform the practice of clinical psychospirituality, which deals with pit-
falls on the interface between psychological issues and the spiritual path.
Key words: Africa, China, counseling, development, East, Egypt, India, kundalini yoga, per-
sonalism, psychospiritual, science, spiritual practices, tantra, theory, Tibet.
8. Csordas, T. J., & Lewton, E. (1998). Practice, performance, and experience
in ritual healing. Transcultural Psychiatry, 35 (4), 435-512.
The authors review the literature of religious and ritual healing practices throughout
the world. They organize their survey into geographic areas and categorize and
summarize their findings for each area. Finally, they address healing both in terms
of efficacy (its use in treating sickness) and in terms of religion or ritual (its con-
nection to meaning). Although the review is broad, this article presents a thorough
overview of the ritual healing traditions around the world, with excellent references
for further research.
Key words: African Americas, Anglo-America, Asia, Central America, cross-cultural,
Europe, healing, ritual, Hispanic America, indigenous people, Middle East, North Africa,
North America, Oceania, performance, religion, South America, transcultural.
9. Garrett, M., & Wilbur, M. (1990). Does the worm live in the ground?
Reflections on Native American spirituality. Journal of Multicultural
Counseling and Development, 24(4), 193-206.
This article is coauthored by two Native American professors, Michael Tlanusta
Garrett of the Eastern Band of Cherokee and Michael Wilbur of the Anishinabe
Nation. Stressing that in Native American spirituality one’s life is experienced
through the senses and emotions, the authors discuss four basic cultural elements
that inform Native American spirituality across tribes. The Native American con-
cepts of Medicine, Harmony, Relation, and Vision are explained and the implica-
tions of working with these ideas in therapy are discussed. The authors emphasize
that understanding Native American spirituality can prepare therapists to recognize
culturally specific meanings and practices and help therapists to understand clients’
issues and appropriate ways to address them. An appendix is provided which rec-
ommends concrete ways to honor Native American spirituality in therapy in terms
of greetings, hospitality, silence, space, eye contact, intention, and collaboration.
Key words: Anishinabe, Cherokee, counseling, culture, harmony, medicine, Native
American, relation, spirituality, spiritual practices, vision.
10. Goleman, D., & Epstein, M. (1980). Meditation and well-being: An Eastern
model of psychological health. ReVision.· A Journal of Consciousness and
Annotated Bibliography of Selected Articles l55

Transformation, 3(2), 73-84.
Goleman is the author of articles and a book on the subject of meditation and
Eastern psychologies and Epstein is a practicing psychotherapist and a long-time
student of vipassana meditation. The authors present the Eastern psychology of
Abhidhamma (known as "the ultimate doctrine" in Buddhism), which uses intro-
spection to study the mind’s multitudinous changes. The aspects covered are
healthy and unhealthy mental factors, hindrances in mental health, healthy person-
ality and mental disorder, pseudo-nibbana, pseudo-nirvana, and healthy spirituality.
Key words: Abhidhamma, Eastern psychology, health, meditation, mental disorder, mental
health, personality, psychological health, psychopathology, spiritual practices, vipassana.
11. Harari, C. (1981). Transpersonal psychology: A bridge between Eastern
and Western psychology. Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(2), 31-36.
This paper, presented at the 5th International Conference of the International
Association of Cross-Cultural Psychology held in Bhubaneshwar, India, asserts that
transpersonal psychology represents a synthesis of Western science with both
Western and Eastern philosophy and psychology. The author suggests that this syn-
thesis represents a move toward a broader, new conceptualization of science, with
a focus on energy exchange and flow in all its forms, human and nonhuman, as a
central concern. The link between spiritual phenomena and psychology, from the
time William James brought attention to it, is shown as one bridge—a transperson-
al perspective—connecting science and East-West psychology and philosophy.
Key words: Consciousness, cross-cultural, East, history of consciousness, James (William),
paradigm, philosophy, transpersonal psychology, science, theory, Western.
12. Jafari, M. (1993). Counseling values and objectives: A comparison of
Western Islamic perspectives. American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 10,
326-339.
Written by a professor at the International Islamic University in Malaysia, this arti-
cle discusses modern psychological counseling as developed in Western society
with emphasis on the context, values, and objectives of traditional counseling. It
then compares these aspects of Western counseling with the context, values, and
objectives of the Islamic belief system. Differences such as the following are dis-
cussed:
• Western-style counseling is based on the separation of spiritual and material life, where-
as Islam is based on an inherent connection;
• Western counseling is based on personal freedom and self-fulfillment, whereas Islam
holds social responsibility as paramount; and
• Western counseling seeks to promote individual well-being by enhancing effective func-
tioning in the world, whereas Islam seeks to promote the pursuit of a life pleasing to God.
In conclusion, the author states that the goal of Islamic counseling would be to
develop an Islamic personality. He also suggests stages of development necessary
156 The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 200], Vol. 33, N0. 2

to make Western counseling work with Islamic clients.
Key words: Consciousness, counseling, cross-cultural, East, faith, history of consciousness,
Islam, James (William), paradigm, philosophy, responsibility, science, Shari ’a/1, spirituality,
theory, transpersonal psychology, values.
13. Kasamatsu, A., & Hirai, T. (1966). An electroencephalographic study on
the Zen meditation (Zazen). F 0lia Psychiatria et Neurologica japonica, 20, 315-
336.
This classic study measured brain waves (EEG) of 48 Japanese Zen Buddhist prac-
titioners and found that the meditation state produced persistent alpha waves (l l-12
cycles per second). The Zazen meditative technique is a sitting practice, with eyes
open. As the meditation state continued, the strength (amplitude) of the alpha waves
increased, then the frequency began to drop, sometimes resulting in theta rhythms
(6-7 cycles per second). These changes were not seen in a control group, in sleep,
or in a hypnotized participant. The research showed that the more years spent in Zen
training, the more changes occurred in the EEG. The subjective evaluations of the
Zen Master of the proficiency of the individual students was borne out by the extent
of the EEG changes in those students. An interesting aspect was that the Zen prac-
titioners did not stop reacting (i.e., did not habituate) to a repeated click sound, but
continued to respond, which is in accordance with the Zen principle of meditative
mindfulness of experience. The study demonstrates that subjective states can be cor-
related with neurophysiological changes, and that the Zen meditation state produces
objective and specific changes in the nervous system.
Key words: Alpha blocking, altered states of consciousness, brain waves, EEG, electroen-
cephalography, experimental research, habituation, Japanese, meditation, neurophysiology,
phenomenology, research report, spiritual practices, states of consciousness, subjective
states, Zazen, Zen.
14. Krippner, S., & Thompson, A. (1996). A 10-facet model of dreaming
applied to dream practices of sixteen Native American cultural groups.
Dreaming, 6(2), 71-96.
The authors compare contemporary Western approaches to dream interpretation
developed by Freud, Jung, and Ullman with dream traditions of 16 Native Canadian
and American peoples. Tables presenting lO facets of dreamwork (e.g., source of
dreams, function, meanings, relation to life) are given for each system. In the tradi-
tional systems, dreams are given high value, and for many there is no distinct sepa-
ration between the dream world and lived experience. Many of the models and
methods of Western dreamwork were found in the traditional systems, such as sym-
bolization, archetypes, role-playing, dream sharing, and visionary dreams. Other
aspects are original, such as vision quests and dream songs. There are similarities
and also pluralistic approaches within the traditional groups. Dreams and dream
practices reflect the social cultures and also support them. The study used archival
research and suggests the value of using cross-cultural psychology, post-modern
perspectives, and hermeneutical analysis as applied to dreams.
Annotated Bibliography of Selected Articles 157

Key words: Altered states of consciousness, archetypes, archival research, consciousness,
cross-cultural psychology, dream interpretation, dreams, dreamwork, hermeneutic analysis,
language and culture, Native American, Native Canadian, postmodern, symbols, visions.
15. Krippner, S., & Maliszewski, M. (1978). Meditation and the creative
process. Journal of Indian Psychology, I (1), 40-58.
Creativity is considered a Western concept, while meditation is a practice associat-
ed with several Eastern traditions. Developments in humanistic and transpersonal
psychology have stimulated an interest in both. This paper reviews contemporary
theories of meditation and explores the relationship between meditation and cre-
ativity in experimental studies and several phenomenological self-reported cases.
Key words: Biological basis of psychology, creativity, Eastern psychology, experimental
research, language, meditation, personality, spiritual practices, thinking and intelligence,
Western psychology.
16. Kumar-Kiran, S. K. (1986). Are Indians trans-personal in locus of control
belief? Indian Journal of Behavior, 10(4), 25-31.
The author, a Lecturer in psychology at the University of Mysore, India, discusses
Indian cultural practices that have been practiced from the Vedic period up to the
present that contribute to stereotypes about Indians being fatalistic. The article
traces the development of locus of control (LOC) belief from the Indian perspective,
focusing on the important role of cultural factors. The viewpoint that Indians have
an external LOC is countered by the concept that their outlook is, instead, transper-
sonal. Transpersonal orientation emphasizes coordinating one’s actions with cosmic
order, rather than using personal ego as the sole determining agent. The Indian cul-
tural outlook views every situation as a matter of skill and cosmic order, not as a
matter of chance.
Key words: Cosmic order, culture, ego, fatalism, free will, learning, locus of control, moti-
vation, reinforcement, social psychology.
17. Lewis, E., Duran, E., & Woodis, W. (1999). Psychotherapy with the
American Indian population. Psychiatric Annals, 29(8), 477-479.
This article stresses the importance of Western-trained therapists understanding the
nonlinear worldview and spiritual beliefs of their American Indian clients.
Additionally, in order to be responsible therapists with this population, practitioners
must realize that core to the traditional belief system is a cosmology of a spiritual
nature. Specific elements of American Indian worldview are discussed, such as
trance states, the concept of time, ritual and prayer, and synchronous events.
Therapists who work with these clients are encouraged to seek adequate supervision
from a practitioner who understands the Aboriginal worldview. The authors use the
terms American Indian and Aboriginal interchangeably in their writing.
Key words: Altered states of consciousness, American Indian, cosmology, counseling,
Native American, prayer, ritual, spiritual, synchronicity, time, trance, worldview.
158 The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 200], Vol. 33, N0. 2

18. Morones, P., & Mikawa, J. (1992). The traditional mestizo view:
Implications for modern psychotherapy interventions. Psychotherapy, 29(3),
458-466.
Drawing on published literature, an overview of the basic tenets of the traditional
mestizo (people of mixed Spanish and Native American heritage) perspective is out-
lined to support the use of a holographic model based on the principle of holo-
graphic functioning generated by physicist David Bohm and neuropsychologist
Karl Pribram. The holographic model is used as a conceptual bridge between mes-
tizo and Western-oriented therapies. In the mestizo view, all elements of life are
seen as interconnected, including the mind-body relationship, and the individual is
interdependent with family and community; the metaphysical being infused
throughout the entirety. The holographic paradigm parallels this view with shared
central principles of interrelatedness, oneness, and harmony. In holographic theory,
any part will reflect the whole. Therapy from the holographic perspective views the
client as multidimensional and whole.
Key words: Bohm (David), counseling, cross-cultural, holographic model, interrelatedness,
mestizo, metaphysical, mind-body relationship, Pribram (Karl), psychotherapy, worldview.
19. Myers, L. J. (1985). Transpersonal psychology: The role of the Afrocentric
paradigm. Journal of Black Psychology, 12(1), 31-42.
The author, a faculty member in the Department of Black Studies at Ohio State
University, draws on the traditional African worldview that the spiritual and the
material are not separated and that the self is not limited but extended. Her conclu-
sion is that many of the Western transpersonal principles already exist in African
psychological theory. The article deals with African history, culture, and language,
and criteria for scientific theory, and includes a critique of current transpersonal the-
ory. The article includes extensive references to African-American literature.
Key words: African American, African psychology, Afrocentric, culture, extended self, lan-
guage, personality, self-concept, spirituality, theory, worldview.
20. Nelson, J. E. (1994). Madness or transcendence? Looking to the ancient
East for a modern transpersonal diagnostic system. ReVision: A Journal of
Consciousness and Transformation, 17(1), 14-23.
The author is a psychiatrist and a long-time student of Eastern philosophy and
transpersonal psychology. This article offers an opportunity to consider the connec-
tions between mind and body by using the chakra system, taken from Tantric yoga,
as a diagnostic tool. The chakras are said to be centers of subtle energy that vitalize
the human body. In this context, the author discusses them as metaphors for seven
psychological stages of development for both individual humans and for humanity
as a whole. This system can be used to determine levels of personal and spiritual
growth and to identify counseling interventions appropriate to the client’s level.
Nelson discusses the chakra system in terms of current transpersonal theories, espe-
cially Wilber and Washburn, thus integrating Eastern and Western transpersonal
theories.
Annotated Bibliography of Selected Articles 159

Key words: Chakra, counseling, development, diagnosis, diagnostic tool, humanity, mind-
body, psychodiagnosis, spirit, spiritual, tantra, theory, transpersonal, Washburn, Wilber,
yoga.
21. Ogbonnaya, A. O. (1994). Person as community: An African understanding
of the person as intrapsychic community. Journal of Black Psychology, 20(1),
75-87.
The author first presents an African view of the person as a community, or plurali-
ty of selves, including ancestral selves. He then extends this premise to examine the
intrapsychic interaction of these selves and what this means for the wholeness of the
entire person. Third, the author discusses how the "person as community" ontology
relates to healing. The African person-as-community mirrors the social community.
A person is therefore not healed as an individual, but rather as a person in relation-
ship with the past (ancestors), nature, and other people. The African person-as-com-
munity concept is contrasted with European ego psychology in its mostly monolin-
ear view of the person as individualistic. (Psychosynthesis, a theory originally
developed in the West by Assagioli, is an exception.) A good case example is given
of a person seeking healing through a traditional practitioner in Africa. This case
demonstrates the way in which a healer addresses the multiple "selves" in healing
and uses this to heal not only the person seeking help, but multiple relationships—
ancestral, natural and familial—in which the person is involved. This article is pri-
marily philosophical, but is rooted in first-hand knowledge of African traditions and
psychology. The author also provides many useful counseling suggestions.
Key words: Africa, African psychology, community, counseling, culture, ego psychology,
healing, intrapsychic selves, multiple selves, personality, psychosynthesis, relationship, spir-
itual traditions, spirituality, theory.
22. Rao, K. R. (1998). Two faces of consciousness: A look at Eastern and
Western perspectives. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 5 (3), 309-27.
The author is a member of the Institute for Yoga and Consciousness in India. He
suggests two dominant perspectives on consciousness representing the Eastern and
Western viewpoints. Rao also suggests that consciousness encompasses two differ-
ent domains, the transcendental and the phenomenal, and that humans enjoy dual
citizenship in them. The Eastern and Western viewpoints both seem to be directed
more toward one domain or the other, resulting in a biased emphasis. Seen as com-
plementary rather than in opposition to each other, the two perspectives may give
us a more comprehensive understanding of consciousness and its role in our being.
Key words: Amkhya, awareness, buddhi, chitta, consciousness, cross-cultural, Eastern
worldview, manas, Patanjali, phenomenal world, transcendental, Western worldview, yoga.
23. Saral, T. B. (1983). Hindu philosophy of communication. Communication,
8 (1), 47-58.
Most research in communication revolves around "surface structure" features such
160 The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 200], Vol. 33, No. 2

as verbal language, body language, and s0 0n. However, it is often the "deep struc-
ture" features that make a critical difference in 0ne’s ability t0 communicate effec-
tively cross cultural boundaries. This deep structure is shaped and influenced by the
cultural, philosophical, and metaphysical assumptions about truth and reality. Most
current models 0f communication have developed in the West and reflect the bias-
es 0f Western thought and worldview. In this article the author explores the meta-
physical threads that form the fabric 0f Indian culture and speculates as t0 how these
thought and belief patterns affect the nature, scope, content, and form 0f communi-
cation in that culture. Transcending the boundaries 0f inter- and intrapersonal com-
munication is the concept 0f transpersonal communication, which finds expression
in most Hindu philosophical thought and literature. Hindu scriptures refer t0 a realm
beyond that 0f the five physical senses where two minds can communicate sponta-
neously through intuition or Aparoksha and transcend the boundaries 0f time and
space. The Indian communicator is continually searching for universal truths rather
than being excited about 0r satisfied with partial truths.
Key words: Aparoksha, communication, cross-cultural, deep structure, development,
Hinduism, India, intuition, philosophies, theory, transcendence, transpersonal, universal
truths.
24. Shimbakuro, K. P., Daniels, J., & D’Andrea, M. (1999). Addressing spiri-
tual issues from a cultural perspective: The case of the grieving Filipino boy.
Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 27, 221-239.
The authors, one professional counselor and two professors of counseling, present
a counseling framework for working with culturally diverse groups. Through the
cross-cultural case study of one Filipino boy dealing with his m0ther’s death, they
describe methods for obtaining cultural competencies as well as a well-rounded
overview of Filipino spiritual practices and attitudes regarding death. This article
deals with spirituality in counseling, Filipino spiritual identity, and multicultural
research and counseling methods.
Key words: Case study, counseling, cross-cultural, cultural competencies, death, Filipino,
identity, multicultural, spiritual identity, spiritual practices, spirituality.
25. Underwood, P. S. (1990, Summer). A Native American worldview. Noetic
Sciences Review, (15), 14-20.
Written by an Oneida Native American, this is a sophisticated account of ways of
learning the Oneida tradition, styles of perception (metaphorically described as
Hawk and Eagle), comparison of Western and Native American paradigms, states
of consciousness, and the role of language in consciousness. The author compares
Western and Native American attitudes toward psychic and parapsychological
experiences. She writes in first person and communicates her experiences learning
the tradition. While this is not intended to be a research report, the article certainly
has elements of narrative, feminist, and participant observation, the latter informed
by the auth0r’s multicultural expertise. The article illustrates nonconventional ways
to teach psychology.
Annotated Bibliography of Selected Articles 161

Key words: Bicultural, childhood education, cross-cultural, culture, feminist, first person,
language and consciousness, multicultural, narrative, Native American, Oneida, parapsy-
chology, participant observation, perception, psychic, states of consciousness, worldview.
26. Vickers P. (1998). To know another’s heart: Intimacy in two cultures.
ReVision: A Journal of Consciousness and Transformation, 21 (2), 11-15.
The author has been a psychotherapist for many years, with the experience of work-
ing in the First Nations communities in British Columbia. She is of Tsimshian
(Aboriginals of the northwest coast of British Columbia) and English ancestry. The
author writes in first person about her Tsimshi and her European-based worldview
through her parallel childhood training in two cultures, specifically Tsimshian
teachings of spirituality and her Christian religious training. She shares how her
established cultural roots in the Tsimshian nation and spiritual teaching from her
Christian belief helped her through crisis and trauma situations in her life.
Key words: Bicultural, Christian, cross-cultural, First Nations, first person, intimacy, multi-
cultural, Native American, participant observation, spirituality, Tsimshi, worldview.
27. Walsh, R. (1999). Asian contemplative disciplines: Common practices, clin-
ical applications, and research findings. Journal of T ranspersonal Psychology,
3I(2), 83-107.
The author, a leading transpersonal psychologist, contextualizes the Asian contem-
plative disciplines historically, as well as in their current situation as "partial prac-
tices" in the West. He suggests that there are seven practices that are "central and
essential for effective transpersonal development." He describes these seven prac-
tices as redirecting motivation, transforming emotions, living ethically, developing
concentration, refining awareness, cultivating wisdom, and practicing service and
generosity. He presents them as they are practiced in Asia in the traditions of
Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, and NeoConfucianism. Walsh makes suggestions
for clinical applications of these techniques.
Key words: Asia, Buddhism, China, Confucianism, contemplation, counseling, Hinduism,
India, meditation, NeoConfucianism, spiritual practices, Taoism, yoga.
28. Wenger, M. A, & Bagchi, B. K. (1961). Studies of autonomic functions in
practitioners of yoga in India. Behavioral Science, 6, 312-323.
This article reports results obtained during 5 months of research done in India. The
main purpose was to test various claims of voluntary control of autonomic functions
and to record physiological changes during yogic meditation. The authors conclud-
ed that direct voluntary control of autonomic functions is probably rare among
yogis, although marked changes in autonomic functions occur during yogic exer-
cises. Some indications of racial differences in autonomic nervous system functions
were noted.
Key words: Autonomic control, India, meditation, physiology, research report, spiritual prac-
tices, yoga.
162 The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 200], Vol. 33, No. 2

lNDEX
The references above, which are numbered sequentially, are referred to in this index
by those numbers. The language and wording used for concepts, experiences, and
topics varies among the authors. We have tried to index both the particular usage of
the authors and also generally used subject headings.
World Wide Web. The current version of this bibliography can be found at the ITP
library website at www.tgd.com:591/ITPLibrary, and from the library link of the
ITP website at www.ITP.edu.
Author Index
Aboul-el-Azayen, G., 1 Epstein, M., 10
Alatreb, B., 2 Garrett, M., 9
Alawneh, S., 3 Goleman, D., 10
Anand, B. K., 4 Harari, C., 11
Asante, M. K., 5 Hedayat-Diba, Z., 1
Bagchi, B. K., 28 Hirai, T., 13
Bynum, E. B., 6, 7 Jafari, M., 12
Chhina, G. S., 4 Kasamatsu, A., 13
Csordas, T. J., 8 Krippner, S., 14, 15
D’Andrea, M., 24 Kumar-Kiran, S. K., 16
Daniels, J., 24 Lewis, E., 17
Duran, E., 17 Lewton, E., 8
Maliszewski, M., 15 Singh, B., 4
Mikawa, J., 18 Thompson, A., 14
Morones, P., 18 Underwood, P. S., 25
Myers, L. J., 19 Vickers, P., 26
Nelson, J. E., 20 Walsh, R., 27
Ogbonnaya, A. O., 21 Wenger, M. A., 28
Rao, K. R., 22 Wilbur, M., 9
Saral, T. B., 23 Woodis, W., 17
Shimbakuro, K. P., 24
Subject Index
Abhidhamma, 10 American Indian, 17
Africa, 6, 7, 21 see also Native American
African Americas, 8 Americas, 6
African psychology, 19, 21 amkhya, 22
African American, 5, 6, 19 Anglo-America, 8
Afrocentric paradigm, 19 Anishinabe, 9
Allah, 1, 2, 3 Aparoksha, 23
alms, 1, 2 Arab American, 1, 2
alpha blocking, 4, 13 archetypes, 14
altered states of consciousness, 4, 13, 14, 17 Asia, 8, 27
Annotated Bibliography of Selected Articles 163

Assagioli, Roberto, 21 Eastern psychology, 10, 15
autonomic control, 28 Eastern worldview, 22
awareness, 22 EEG, 4, 13
ego psychology, 21
bicultural, 25, 26 ego, 16
Bohm, David, 18 Egypt, 6, 7
brain waves, 4, 13 electroencephalographic research,
buddhi, 22 4, 13
Buddhism, 27 Europe, 6, 8
see also Zen; vipassana experimental research, 13, 15
extended self, 5, 19
Central America, 8
chakra, 20 faith, 1, 2, 3, 12
charity, 1, 2 fasting, 1, 2
Cherokee, 9 fatalism, 16
childhood, 25, 26 see also free will
China, 7, 27 feminist, 25
chitta, 22 field study, 5
Christian, 6, 26 Filipino, 24
clinical psychospirituality, 7 First Nations, 26
communication, 23 Five Pillars, 1, 2
community, 1, 5, 21 free will, 3, 16
Confucianism, 27
consciousness, 11, 12, 14, 22 habituation, 13
consciousness, language and, 25 harmony, 5, 9
consciousness, history of, 11, 12 healing, 8, 21
contemplation, 27 health, 5, 10
cosmic order, 16 hermeneutic analysis, 14
cosmology, 17 Hinduism, 23, 27
counseling, 2, 7, 9, 12, 17, 18, 20, Hispanic America, 8
21, 24, 27 holographic model, 18
creativity, 15 humanity, 20
cross-cultural, 3, 8, 11, 12, 14, 18,
22, 23, 24, 25, 26 identity, 5, 24
cross-cultural psychology, 14 [man, 3
cultural competency, 24 India, 4, 6, 7,
culture, 6, 9, 16, 19, 21, 23, 25 23, 27, 28
culture, language and, 14 indigenous peoples, 8
interrelatedness, 18
death, 24 intimacy, 26
deep structure, 23 intrapsychic selves, 21
development, 5, 7, 20, 23 intuition, 23
diagnosis, 20 Islam, 1, 2, 3, 12
dream interpretation, 14
dreams, 14 James, William, 11
Japanese, 13
East, 7,11,12
see also psychology; worldview kundalini yoga, 7
164 The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 200], Vol. 33, N0. 2

language, 15, 19, 25 prayer, 1, 2, 17
learning, 16 Pribram, Karl, 18
locus of control, 16 psychic, 25
psychodiagnosis, 20
manas, 22 psychological health, 10
Mecca, 1, 2 psychology
medicine, 9 biological basis of, 15
meditation, 4, 10, 13, 15, 27, 28 cross-cultural, 14
mental disorder, 10 Eastern, 10, 15
mental health, 10 history of, 6
mestizo, 18 theory of music, 5
metaphysical, 18 Western, 15
Middle East, 8 psychopathology, 10
mind-body relationship, 18, 20 psychospiritual, 7
motivation, 3, 16 psychosynthesis, 21
multicultural, 24, 25, 26 psychotherapy, 18
multiple selves, 21
music, 5 reinforcement, 16
Muslim, 1, 2 relation, 9
relationship, 21
narrative, 25 mrrgrrm, 1, 2, 8
Native American, 9, 14, 17, 25, 26 research
Native Canadian, 14 archival, 14
UatuY€~ 3 case study, 24
N€9C9HfuCi*mi$m~ 27 electroencephalography, 4, 13
¤<>ur<>r>hySi<>1<>gy,4» 13, 28 experrmemr, 13, 15
North Africa, 8 herd Study, 5
Narth America, 8 first-person narrative, 5, 25, 26
hermeneutic analysis, 14
gC€‘fl§ia»2@ participant observation, 5, 25, 26
nel ar responsibility, 12
ritual, 8, 17
paradigm, 11, 12
raar%r¤h¤1¤ar»25, Smdli,4
partrcrpant observation, 5, 25, 26 Science 6 7 11 19
Patanjali, 22 ’ ’ ’ ’
perception, 25 self, extended, 5, 19
self-concept, 5, 19
performance, 8
personalism, 7 Shahéda 1’ 2
personality, 5, 10, 15, 19, 21 S’“{"’”’“~ L 2
phcmmmr Worn, 22 S<>¤ra1_r¤Sx<>h<>1<>ayr 16
Phenomenology, 13 socralrzatron, 5
philosophies, 23 South America, 8
philosophy, 11, 12, 23 Spirit, 20
physiology,   SplI`1[l13.l, 17,  
see also neurophysiology spiritual id€Hiity, 24
possession, 5 spirituality, 1, 2, 9, 12, 19, 21,
post-modern, 14 24, 26
Annotated Bibliography of Selected Articles 165

spiritual practices, 1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 10, 13, transpersonal, 20, 23
15, 24, 27, 28 truths, universal, 23
spiritual traditions, 21 Tsimshi, 26
states of consciousness, 4, 6, 13, 25
see also altered states of consciousness; values, 12
states of consciousness; trance vipassana, 10
subjective states, 4, 13 see also meditation
symbols, 14 vision, 9
synchronicity, 17 visions, 14
tantra, 7, 20 Washburn, Michael, 6, 20
Taoism, 27 Western psychology, 15
theory, 3, 6, 7, 11, 12, 19, 20, 21, 23 Western worldview, 22
thinking, 15 Western, 11
Tibet, 7 Wilber, Ken, 6, 20
time, 17 worldview, 17, 18, 19, 25, 26
trance, 17 Eastern, 22
see also altered states of consciousness; states Western, 22
of consciousness
transcendence, 5, 23 yoga, 4, 7, 20, 22, 27, 28
transcendental, 22
transcultural, 8 Zazen, 13
transpersonal psychology, 6, 11, 12 Zen, 13
The Authors
Arthur Hastings is professor and director ofthe William James Center for Consciousness
Studies at the Institute of Transpersonal Psychology, Palo Alto, Calfornia. A former pres-
ident of the Association of T ranspersonal Psychology, his research interests include states
of consciousness and parapsychology. He is the author of With the Tongues 0f Men and
Angels: A Study 0f Channeling. His 1983 article in this journal, "A Counseling Approach
to Parapsychological Experience" (vol. 15, no. 2) is considered a classic and has been
reprinted and cited frequently. Premalatha Balasubrahmanyam, Gloria Beaird, Elizabeth
Ferguson, Khursheed Kanga, and Sherry Raley are graduate students in the masters and
doctoral programs at the Institute of T ranspersonal Psychology.
166 The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 200], Vol. 33, N0. 2